Enterobacter Cloacae
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''Enterobacter cloacae'' is a clinically significant
Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...
, facultatively-anaerobic,
rod-shaped A bacillus (), also called a bacilliform bacterium or often just a rod (when the context makes the sense clear), is a rod-shaped bacterium or archaeon. Bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. However, the name ''Bacillu ...
bacterium Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...
.


Microbiology

In microbiology labs, ''E. cloacae'' is frequently grown at 30 °C on nutrient agar or at 35 °C in tryptic soy broth. It is a rod-shaped,
Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...
bacterium, is facultatively
anaerobic Anaerobic means "living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen", as opposed to aerobic which means "living, active, or occurring only in the presence of oxygen." Anaerobic may also refer to: * Anaerobic adhesive, a bonding a ...
, and bears peritrichous
flagella A flagellum (; ) is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are termed as flagellates. A microorganism may have f ...
. It is
oxidase In biochemistry, an oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions, especially one involving dioxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. In reactions involving donation of a hydrogen atom, oxygen is reduced to water (H2O) or hydro ...
-negative and
catalase Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is a very important enzyme in protecting t ...
-positive.


Industrial use

''Enterobacter cloacae'' has been used in a
bioreactor A bioreactor refers to any manufactured device or system that supports a biologically active environment. In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical reaction, chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biochemistry, ...
-based method for the
biodegradation Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Composting is a human-driven process in which biodegrada ...
of explosives and in the biological control of plant diseases. ''Enterobacter cloacae'' strain MBB8 isolated from the Gulf of Mannar, India was reported to degrade poly vinyl alcohol (PVA). This was the first report of a PVA degrader from the Enterobacter genus. ''E. cloacae'' was also reported to produce exopolysaccharide (EPS) as high as 18.3g/L. GC-MS analysis of ''E. cloacae'' EPS showed the presence of glucose and mannose in the molar ratio of 1: 1.5e−2.


Safety

''Enterobacter cloacae'' is considered a biosafety level 1 organism in the United States and level 2 in Canada.


Genomics

A draft
genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...
sequence of ''Enterobacter cloacae'' subsp. ''cloacae'' was announced in 2012. The bacteria used in the study were isolated from
giant panda The giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''), also known as the panda bear (or simply the panda), is a bear species endemic to China. It is characterised by its bold black-and-white coat and rotund body. The name "giant panda" is sometimes us ...
feces.


Clinical significance

''Enterobacter cloacae'' is a member of the normal
gut flora Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut mi ...
of many humans and is not usually a primary pathogen. Some strains have been associated with urinary tract and respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment with
cefepime Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefepime has an extended spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with greater activity against both types of organism than third-generation agents. A 2007 ...
and
gentamicin Gentamicin is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This may include bone infections, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis among others. It is not e ...
has been reported. A 2012 study in which Enterobacter cloacae transplanted into previously germ-free mice resulted in increased obesity when compared with germ-free mice fed an identical diet, suggesting a link between obesity and the presence of Enterobacter gut flora.


Species of the ''Enterobacter cloacae'' complex

''Enterobacter cloacae'' was described for the first time in 1890 by Jordan 01as ''Bacillus cloacae'', and then underwent numerous taxonomical changes, becoming 'Bacterium cloacae' in 1896 (Lehmann and Neumann), ''Cloaca cloacae'' in 1919 (Castellani and Chalmers), it was identified as 'Aerobacter cloacae' in 1923 (Bergey et al.), ''Aerobacter cloacae'' in 1958 (Hormaeche and Edwards) and ''E. cloacae'' in 1960 (Hormaeche and Edwards), by which it is still known today. ''E. cloacae'' is ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic environments (water, sewage, soil and food). These strains occur as commensal microflora in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals and play an important role as pathogens in plants and insects. This diversity of habitats is mirrored by the genetic variety of the nomenspecies ''E. cloacae''. ''E. cloacae'' is also an important nosocomial pathogen responsible for bacteremia and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections, as well as endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and skin and soft tissue infections. The skin and the GI tract are the most common sites through which ''E. cloacae'' can be contracted. ,29 ''Enterobacter cloacae'' tends to contaminate various medical, intravenous and other hospital devices. Nosocomial outbreaks have also been associated with colonization of certain surgical equipment and operative cleaning solutions. Another potential reservoir for nosocomial bacteremia is the heparin solution used to irrigate certain intravascular devices continually. This fluid had been implicated as a reservoir for outbreaks of device-associated bacteremia in several instances. 0 In recent years, ''E. cloacae'' has emerged as one of the most commonly found nosocomial pathogen in neonatal units, with several outbreaks of infection being reported. 1In 1998, van Nierop et al. reported an outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit with nine deaths, 2and in 2003, Kuboyama et al. reported three outbreaks with 42 systemic infections and a mortality of 34%. 3This microorganism may be transmitted to neonates through contaminated intravenous fluids, total parenteral nutrition solutions and medical equipment. Many single-clone outbreaks, probably caused by cross-transmission via healthcare workers, have been described, suggesting that inpatients can also act as a reservoir. 1The type strains of the species are E. cloacae ATCC 49162 and 13047. This latter strain is the first complete genome sequence of the ''E. cloacae'' species and the type strain is ''E. cloacae'' subsp. ''cloacae''. The complete ''E. cloacae'' subsp. ''cloacae'' ATCC 13047 genome contains a single circular chromosome of 5,314,588 bp and two circular plasmids, pECL_A and pECL_B, of 200,370 and 85,650 bp (GenBank accession numbers CP001918, CP001919 and CP001920, respectively). 4 The other genomes of ''E. cloacae'' that have been sequenced are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers CP002272, CP002886, FP929040 and AGSY00000000. ''Enterobacter asburiae'' is named after Mary Alyce Fife-Asbury, an American bacteriologist who made many important contributions to the classification of Enterobacteriaceae, particularly in describing new ''Klebsiella'' and ''Salmonella'' serotypes, 5–37new genera and new species. 8–42''E. asburiae'' sp. nov. was described in 1986 based on the enteric group 17. 3This group was defined in 1978 as a group of biochemically similar strains isolated from different human specimens 4and sent to the CDC. Before the designation of 'enteric group 17', these strains had been reported as unidentified or atypical Citrobacter or Enterobacter strains. 4After several studies, it was shown that these strains represent a single new species in the genus ''Enterobacter'', which was named ''E. asburiae''. ''Enterobacter asburiae'' strains have been isolated from the soil and implicated in the mobilization of phosphate for plant nutrition from calcium phosphate, but most E. asburiae species have been isolated from human sources. The type strain of the species ''E. asburiae'' is ATCC 35953 and was isolated from lochia exudates of a 22-year-old woman in the USA. 3The only sequenced strain of ''E. asburiae'' is LF7a, which contains a circular DNA (4,812,833 bp) and two circular plasmids, pENTAS01 (166,725 bp) and pENTAS02 (32,574 bp), which were submitted by Lucas et al. in 2011 to the US DOE Joint Genome Institute (CA, USA; GenBank accession numbers CP003026.1, CP003027.1 and CP003028.1, respectively). ''Enterobacter hormaechei'' is named after Estenio Hormaeche, a Uruguayan microbiologist who (with PR Edwards) proposed and defined the genus ''Enterobacter''. The name ''E. hormaechei'' was formerly called enteric group 75, which contained 11 strains that were sent to the CDC for identification between 1973 and 1984. Twelve additional strains were received from 1985 to 1987, three of which were blood isolates. ''E. hormaechei'' was first described on the basis of 23 isolates sent to the CDC for identification. At that time, they could not be assigned to a species since they were negative in the D-sorbitol and melibiose tests and did not fit the biochemical profile of any established Enterobacter species. The species ''E. hormaechei'' was proposed to be lactose-, D-sorbitol-, raffinose-, melibiose- and esculin-negative and 87% dulcitol-positive. These species were originally defined by O'Hara et al. when a large hybridization group of enteric organisms was isolated and found to be associated with bloodstream infections. 0 The type strain of ''E. hormaechei'' is ATCC 49162 and was isolated from the sputum of a man in California in 1977. 0The whole-genome shotgun sequencing project was submitted in 2011 to the Human Genome Sequencing Center (TX, USA; GenBank accession number AFHR00000000). ''Enterobacter hormaechei'' consists of three different subspecies: ''E. hormaechei'' subsp. ''oharae'', ''E. hormaechei'' subsp. ''hormaechei'' and ''E. hormaechei'' subsp. ''steigerwaltii'', which corresponds to genetic clusters VI, VII and VIII, respectively. The differentiation of these subspecies is based on their particular properties and biochemical tests. 1 ''Enterobacter hormaechei'' is commonly isolated as a nosocomial pathogen of clinical significance; 5,46it has been reported in several outbreaks of sepsis in neonatal intensive care units in the USA 7and in Brazil, where the outbreak originated from contaminated parenteral nutrition. 8 ''Enterobacter kobei'' is named after Kobe City (Japan), where the type strain of this species was isolated. ''E. kobei'' was first described by Kosako et al. based on a collection of 23 strains with the general traits of ''E. cloacae'' and the common phenotypic difference of being Voges–Proskauer-negative. 9The name ''E. kobei'' is proposed for a group of organisms referred to as NIH group 21 at the NIH, Tokyo. It was later found that NIH group 21 also resembled the CDC enteric group 69, 0and ''E. kobei'' was compared with the latter. On the basis of DNA relatedness, both organisms could be included in a single taxon. However, the CDC enteric group 69 was described as positive in Voges–Proskauer and yellow pigmentation, 0whereas all strains of E. kobei were Voges–Proskauer- and pigmentation-negative. These findings suggest that the relationship of both organisms is at the subspecies or biogroup level. The type strain of E. kobei is NIH 1485–1479 and was isolated by blood culture of a diabetic patient. ''Enterobacte ludwigii'', named after Wolfgang Ludwig, a microbiologist working in bacterial systematics 1and who developed the ARB databases as well as making them public. 2This description is based on the phylogenetic analyses of partial hsp60 sequence data collected in a population genetic study, as well as on DNA–DNA hybridization assays and phenotypic characterizations. The type strain EN-119T was isolated from midstream urine of an 18-year-old male patient with a nosocomial urinary tract infection while he was hospitalized at the Grosshadern University-Hospital Munich, Germany. The GenBank accession number of the 16S rDNA of strain EN-119T is AJ853891. 2 ''Enterobacter nimipressuralis'' The species ''E. nimipressuralis'' was originally defined by Brenner et al. and was formerly called ''Erwinia nimipressuralis'', which was isolated from nonclinical sources (e.g., elm trees with a disease called wet wood). 3''Erwinia nimipressuralis'' was inserted in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names in 1980. This microorganism is biochemically similar to ''E. cloacae'', but it is different for acid production from sucrose and raffinose, whereas ''E. cloacae'' is positive in these tests. The type strain of ''E. nimipressuralis'' is ATCC 9912 and isolated from the elm Ulmus spp. in the USA (GenBank accession number AJ567900). ''Enterobacter cloacae subsp.cloacae strain PR-4 was isolated and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence with phylogenetic tree view from explosive laden soil by P Ravikumar (GenBank accession number KP261383).Ravikumar. P. GenBank New holotype for Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae strain PR-4 isolated and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence with Phylogenetic tree view, from explosive laden soil. Int J.of Res in Engineering and Science, (6) 5 2016. E. cloacae SG208 identified as a predominant microorganism in mixed culture isolated from petrochemical sludge, IOCL, Guwahati is responsible for degradation of benzene was reported by Padhi and Gokhale (2016) 37


See also

*
Biohydrogen Biohydrogen is H2 that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H2 is a clean fuel and can be readily produced from certain kinds of biomass. Many challenges characterize this technology, including those intrinsic to ...


References

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External links


Type strain of ''Enterobacter cloacae'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4038096 Enterobacteriaceae Gram-negative bacteria Bacteria described in 1890